What is Torrefaction

    What is Torrefaction :

    Torrefaction is a thermal process used to improve the properties of biomass as a fuel source. It involves heating biomass (such as wood, agricultural waste, or forestry residues) in a low-oxygen environment to a temperature between 200°C and 300°C. This process partially decomposes the biomass, reducing its moisture content, increasing its energy density, and making it easier to grind and transport. Here’s a breakdown of the torrefaction process:

    Steps in the Torrefaction Process

    1. Pre-Drying:
      • The biomass is dried to reduce its initial moisture content, usually to below 10%.
      • This step is necessary to make the torrefaction process more energy efficient.

    2. Palletisation (Optional):
      • The torrefied biomass can be compressed into pellets or briquettes to improve its handling, storage, and transport.

    3. Heating and Torrefaction:
      • The dried biomass is then heated in an environment with limited oxygen to prevent combustion.
      • Temperature is raised to between 200°C and 300°C, which leads to the breakdown of hemicellulose in the biomass. Cellulose and lignin mostly remain intact, preserving the biomass structure.
      • At this stage, volatile compounds are released, producing gases such as CO₂, CO, and small amounts of methane and other organic compounds.

    4. Cooling:
      • After torrefaction, the biomass is cooled to stabilize it and prevent oxidation.
      • The final product, called “bio-coal” or “torrefied biomass,” has a lower moisture content and is more energy-dense than raw biomass.

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